Safe Use of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: Issues of Legal Terminology

Abstract

This article addresses the issues of developing legal terminology in the field of regulatory governance of safe artificial intelligence and robotics use. The authors argue that the absence of an adequate conceptual framework constitutes a fundamental obstacle to the effective regulation of relations concerned with the safe development and deployment of AI systems. Particular attention is given to the situation in the Russian Federation, where dedicated legislation remains at the drafting stage. The article conducts a comparative analysis of legislative approaches to the definition of artificial intelligence in the different jurisdictions and classifies the identified approaches into two broad categories: the “anthropomorphic” approach and the “technical” approach. Drawing on this analysis, the authors propose an original conceptual framework of legal definitions for Russian AI legislation. A novel legal definition of “artificial intelligence” is formulated, reflecting its dual nature as both a technology and a scientific discipline. The article substantiates the need for statutory recognition of the categories of “trusted” and “prohibited” AI systems. A three-tier model of legal subjects is proposed, comprising the AI system developer, operator, and user. The authors conclude that the establishment of a sound and coherent terminological foundation is a necessary precondition for safeguarding the rights and safety of individuals in the context of advancing artificial intelligence and autonomous robotics technologies.