Use Of Straw And Destructors In Resource-Saving Technologies Of Organic Farming And Its Influence On The Microbiome And Qualitative Composition Of Humus

Abstract

Soil fertility, due to the humus content and organic matter of the soil, plays an important role in maintaining the agrophysical properties of the soil and is determined by the tillage system, the introduction of binary crops and perennial grasses into crop rotations, as well as the use of by-products, cultivated crops. It is known that about 120 million tons of straw are produced in the Russian Federation per year, of which 80% is accounted for by straw from grain and leguminous crops, which has a wide carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, which delays its transformation, creating a nitrogen deficiency in the soil and accumulating phytopathogens and phytotoxins. To accelerate its transformation, both in Russia and abroad, it is proposed to use microbiological preparations containing active strains of cellulose and lignin-destroying bacteria or fungi. Recently, organomineral drugs have appeared on the market that have a complex effect on epiphytic and soil microflora, accelerating the decomposition of straw residues. The effect of these drugs has been little studied. In the laboratory (incubation) experiment, we studied the effect of different doses of winter wheat straw, both separately and with inoculation with Mycotope biologics based on the Trichoderma viridi fungus and the NaturAgro EcoGrow organomineral complex with active silicon, on changes in the microbiome, the direction of the processes of transformation and humification of organic matter, the content of total and labile humus, and the qualitative composition of humic substances. An increase in the number of saprophytic, amylolytic, and oligotrophic microorganisms, as well as protease activity during the introduction of straw, both separately and with its treatment with destructors, has been established. The more effective effect of one straw on the qualitative composition of microorganisms is manifested at a dose of 6 t/ha, and when straw is inoculated with a Mycotope at a dose of 4 t/ha, and from EcoGrow at a dose of 6 t/ha. Active mineralization of organic matter was observed with inoculation of 4 tons of EcoGrow straw and in single-straw variants, while more active nitrogen immobilization was detected in the control. The active transformation of organic matter into humic substances was noted in the variant with the addition of straw of 4 t/ha treated with Mycotope, as well as 6 t/ha of straw treated with EcoGrow. The content of mobile humic acids increases with increasing dose of straw, both alone and when inoculated with its destructors, and the content of mobile fulvic acids is more significant at a dose of straw of 6 t/ha inoculated with EcoGrow. The biopreparation Mycotope had a more significant effect on the degree of decomposition of straw and the formation of humus as a result of the humification of straw in both doses.